Abstract
Due to their low cost, simple and inexpensive processing, and high power conversion efficiency (PCE) which is comparable or higher compared to that of conventional thin film photovoltaics, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted lots of attention and intensive research efforts have been devoted to improving their performance. With around 10 years development, the certified PCE has increased from 3.8% in 2009 to 25.5% in 2020 in single-junction architectures, which is close to the theoretical Shockley-Queisser limit efficiency (30.5%). Despite the fast increase of PCE, its commercialization is greatly hindered by the unsatisfactory stability and reproducibility, especially contributed by the organic carrier transporting layers, such as Spiro-OMeTAD in conventional architectures and PEDOT:PSS in inverted devices. The use of inorganic charge transport layers, such as nickel oxide NiOx typically results in improved stability but lower efficiency compared to PSCs with organic charge transport layers. This is partly due to the energy level alignment at NiOx/perovskite interface and partly due to the high density of interfacial defects resulting in significant recombination losses and consequently a reduction in open circuit voltage. Thus, there is considerable interest in NiOx engineering such as doping and surface modification to achieve compact and smooth HTL with improved energy alignment matching with perovskite, and reduce interfacial defect density. It is expected that more efficient and stable PSCs can be obtained due to higher hole mobility, better crystallinity of perovskite and less interfacial recombination.
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